Iby'Amoko y'Abanyarwanda I

Mu Rwanda kuva na kera habagamo amoko,amoko yabagaho akaba yari amoko y’Umuryango mugali w’abantu aba n’aba.Nkuko amataka y’u Rwanda abigaragaza,amoko y’abanyarwanda yari 18.Ariko yakagombye kuba ari 19 ,usibye ubwoko bumwe bwazimye burundu aribwo bw’Abahondogo bari batuye mu Gihugu cy’ u Bugesera.Ibyo bikaba byarabaye ku Ngoma y’Umwami w’u Rwanda Mibambwe II Mutabazi II Sentabyo wateye NSORO IV NYAMUGETA Umwami w’u Bugesera hagapfa Abahondogo benshi,n’abasigaye biyitirira ubundi bwoko ,kugirango bakize amagara yabo.Ibyo bikaba byarabaye ahasaga mu w’1741 kugeza mu w’1746.Ariko niyo unasuzumye neza usanga hari ubwoko bwagiye bubyara ubundi,urugero twatanga ni nk’ABANYIGINYA babyaye ABASINDI.

Andi moko aboneka mu Rwanda, ni amoko y’inzu y’umuntu uyu n’uyu,umuntu akabyara ,abamukomokaho bakamwitirirwa kugeza ku buzukuruza ,ubuvivi n’ubuvivure.Iyo usuzumye neza ugacukumbura bihagije ,usanga buri bwoko (Yaba ubw’umuryango mugari cyangwa ubw’inzu ) usanga ari ubwoko bukomoka ku izina ry’igisekuruza gishyize kera.
Andi Moko akaba akomoka ku mibereho n’imiterere y’umuryango uyu n’uyu.Umuryango wiganjemo abantu b’abatunzi ,bakawuha izina iri n’iri rizatinda rikavamo ubwoko.Umuryango ukennye ,cyangwa se wifashije gahoro ,nawo bakawuha izina iri n’iri naryo rizatinda rikabyara ubwoko.Icyo twavuga aha ngaha ,kandi gikomeye ,nuko amoko y’Abanyarwanda atigeze abonekera rimwe,ahubwo yagiye ahangwa gahoro gahoro ,bitewe n’uko igihugu cyagiye gikura ari nako kigwiza amaboko.Reka ducukumbure neza iby’ayo moko duhereye ku Banyiginya n’Abasindi.

Inkomoko y’Abanyiginya n’Abasindi

ABANYIGINYA ni ijambo rikomoka ku rurimi rw’Urunyankore ,aribyo bivuga : « ABANTU BARAMBYE KU BUKIRE N’UBUPFURA » bishatse kuvuga abatunzi ba kera bafite uruhererekane rw’ubutunzi mu imyaka amagana n’amagana ,batari abakire ba vuba cyangwa se ngo babe abakire bahoranye ubukene(abakire b’inkirabuheri ). Bakaba bari abakire bo muri icyo gihe, barambye ku bukire mu bwoko buvukamo abami.Abandi bo muri ubwo bwoko badafite ubukire buhagije (Ni ukuvuga ibikomangoma bitabashije kugira ubutunzi bwinshi) ,bitwa ABASINDI nka Yuhi I Musindi bakomokaho.Ibyo bikaba bishobora kwerekana ko Umusindi w’umukire yashoboraga kuba Umunyiginya ,n’Umunyiginya w’umukene yashoboraga kuba Umusindi,yakongera kugira umutungo uhagije ,akongera gusubira mu Bunyiginya.Naho havuye ubwoko bw’Abanyiginya n’Abasindi,ariko usuzumanye ubushishozi ,usanga bose ari abo mu nzu imwe y’Abanyiginya kuko aribo bari bafite ingoma y’Igihugu kandi ni nabo Umwami Yuhi I Musindi akomokamo.Uru rugero rutanzwe haruguru rukaba rugaragaza neza inkomoko nyayo y’amoko.


Inkomoko y’Abatutsi,Abahutu n’Abatwa

Izina Abatutsi ni Izina rusange ry’Abakomoka kuri MUTUTSI wari Mwene Gihanga cya Kazi ka Kizira cya Gisa cya Randa rya Merano ya Kobo ka Kijuru cya Kimanuka cya Muntu wa Kigwa cya Nkuba, ari we Shyerezo ".Abo bitaga Abatutsi ,ni amoko y’abakomoka kuri Mututsi uko ibisekuruza byabo bingana kuko ni byinshi .Dore amwe muri ayo moko y’abakomoka kuri Mututsi :

I.Abakomoka kuri Serwega rwa Mututsi :

*ABEGA
II. Abakomoka kuri Ntandayera ya Mututsi
*ABAKONO
*ABAHA
Aba akaba aribo bitaga « IBIBANDA »bikaba bivuga ubwoko bwavagamo Abagabekazi.Bikaba bigaragza ko Abatutsi bari mo amoko atatu.

Noneho andi bakomoka kuri Gihanga batari abo kwa Mututsi nabo bari bafite amoko yabo,ayo akaba ari aya akurikira :

III.Amoko y’abakomoka kuri Gihanga :

* ABANYIGINYA
* ABASHAMBO
* ABAHONDOGO
* ABATSOBE

Nyuma y’aho haza kuziraho n’Ubundi bwoko bw’abakomoka kuri Yuhi I Musindi ,bafata izina ry’ubwoko bw’ « ABASINDI ».Kugeza ahasaga mu mwaka w’ 1180 mu RWANDA hari ayo moko uko ari 8.Ayo moko uko ari 8 yaje kwishyira hamwe arema umuryango w’Igikonyozi n’ubuhangange bushingiye ku bworozi bw’Inka,icyo gihe zari zimaze no kugwira mu gihugu.Uwo muryango ntibawuhaye izina rishya ,ahubwo bafashe irya Mututsi ,ahubwo bariha ubundi busobanuro.Guhera icyo gihe (mu w’1180) izina ry ‘ubututsi risobanura “UMUTUNZI” ariko akaba ari umutunzi w’inka gusa.Muri icyo kibariro (ku ngoma ya Yuhi I Musindi ) nibwo noneho imiryango yari ifite inka nyinshi yatangiye gushaka abashumaba n’abazikukira badakomoka muri iyo miryango.Abo babonye bakabashakira izina rihabanye n’iryabo ariryo “UMUHUTU”.Nyuma y’aho haziraho n’andi moko akomoka kuri iyo miterere igihugu cyari kigezemo.

Bitewe nuko Abanyiginya binjiye mu Rwanda baturutse muri Ankole,amazina menshi bagiye bakoresha mu bihugu babaga batsinze yabaga afite inkomoko r’Urunyankore ,urugero ni nk’izina « UMWIRU(mu Kinyankore bavuga UMUYIRU ) » bivuga umugaragu w’ingoma , « UMUHINZA » bivuga uwo rubanda rukesha imbuto n’ubuhinzi .Umuhutu ryo ni izina rikomoka mu Runyankore bivuga « UMUGARAGU W’ABANDI BAGARAGU »,Aha bikaba bigaragaza ko ubugaragu bw’Umwiru bwari buhabanye n’ubw’Umuhutu ,kuko Umwiru yabaga ari umugaragu w’Ingoma ,naho umuhutu akaba umugaragu w’Umwiru n’Abandi batware.Umuhutu rikaba ryari izina rusange ry’abagaragu kuri ba Sebuja.Aha bikaba bigaragra ko Ubuhutu butari ubwoko,ahubwo bwari imiterere y’imirimo yabagaho mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere.

Nkuko inkomoko y’andi moko yagiye igaragara,niko n’umuryango w’Abatwa wavutse.Amateka y’u Rwanda agaragazako Igihugu kigitangira guturwa,cyabanjemo Impunyu ziberaga mu ishyamba zitunzwe no guhinga inyamaswa z’ishyamba icyo gihe igihugu cyari gituwe n’ ubwoko bw’ « IMPUNYU ».Uko igihugu cyagiye giturwa niko n’abakigezemo mbere bagiye bahindura imibereho ,bigatuma n’imiryango yabo ihindura inyito nkuko twabibonye haruguru,kugeza ubeo ubwoko bw’Impunyu bwazimye burundu.

Ariko icyo twabibutsa ahanagaha ,nuko amoko menshi yagaragaye aruko Abanyiginya batangiye kwigarurira ibindi bihugu.Abaturage bagiye bava muri ayo mashyamba ,bakareka guhiga bagiye bafata indi ntera bakitwa n’andi mazina ,ariho twabonye ko Abanyiginya babise Abahinza aribyo bivuga abo rubanda rukesha imyaka n’imbuto nk’uko twabibonye haruguru kubera ko basanze baratangiye guhinga bararetse guhiga ,iryo zina rikaba ryerekana isumbwe n’itandukaniro Abanyiginya babarushaga ry’uko bo bari abatunzi bakize ku Nka.Abandi bayobotse ubworozi bw’Inka zari zadukwanywe n’Abanyiginya bagafata indi ntera n’ubundi bwoko.Noneho muri iryo hindagurika ry ‘imiterere y’imibereho y’abari batuye igihugu cy’ u Rwanda,abasigaye inyuma batitaye ku majyambere abandi bagezeho ,bagakomeza gukora imirimo abandi bita ko isuzuguritse hanyuma y’iyindi ,nibo biswe « ABATWA » aribyo bivuga « INSUZUGURWA CYANGWA se IBIBURABWENGE ».Aha bikaba bitugaragariza ko Abatwa nabo batari ubwoko ,ahubwo ryari izina rusange ry’abantu basigaye inyuma mu mateka ntibashobore kugendana n’abandi mu kubaka igihugu,ntibite ku iterambere abandi bagezeho ngo baryigane ,ahubwo bakihamira mu byabo bya kera.


Kubera ko hari havutse imitwe itatu y’amoko ishingiye ku butunzi n’imibereho rusange y’Abanyarwanda (Imitwe w’Abahutu ,Abatutsi n’abatwa), hahise havuka n’andi moko y’abibohoje ubukene bakava ku bugaragu nabo bagatunga, aho guhakwa, ahubwo bagahaka. Muri icyo gihe niho havutse ijambo « Kwihutura » bivuga gusezera ku bugaragu nawe ukadamarara ukaba umutware n’umutunzi nk’abandi Batutsi. Muri icyo kibariro hakaba haravutse amoko agera kuri 3 y’abari bamaze gucengerwa n’ubworozi bw’inka zadukanywe n’Abanyiginya. Ayo moko ni aya akurikira :

IV. Abatutsi b’ibyihuture

* Abagesera b’Abazirankende (bari batuye mu Gisaka)
* Abazigaba
* Abasinga

Nyuma y’abo bahutu basezeye ku bugaragu bakaba abatunzi, haje kubaho inkomoko y’andi moko akomoka ku mvange y’ugushyingirana kw’Abatutsi nyirizina n’Abatutsi b’ibyihuture. Iyo mvange niyo bise « Abatutsi b’Impaga » aribyo bivuga ubwoko bw’Abatutsi bwabayeho ku mpamvu runaka, akenshi bukaba bukomoka ku moko abiri ashyingiranye.

Ariko icyo twababwira aha ngaha ni uko kwitwa Umututsi w’Impaga nabyo byabaga ari icyubahiro cya nyirabyo, kuko byasaga no kwimuka ku ipeti bagushyira ku rindi, bikaba nk’uko Papa akura umuntu mu Bakirisitu basanzwe akamushyira mu Bahire cyangwa se mu Batagatifu. Aba Batutsi b’Impaga ni ubwoko bwagiye bubaho kubera impamvu runaka isa nk’igitangaza, aha twatanga urugero nk’Abasyete bakomoka kuri Busyete wari umutwa w’umugaragu i bwami, waje gutona kuri sebuja amugororera kumushyingira umukobwa wo mu bwoko bukomeye bw’abatunzi b’Abatutsi, barebye uburyo umuryango w’abakomokaho usa neza, barebye n’uko abatwa babaho mu buryo busuzuguritse, bahita babahindurira ubwoko bareka kwitwa Abatwa , ntibanitwa Abatutsi, bahita babita ko ari ubwoko bw’ « Abasyete ».

Amoko y’Abatutsi b’Impaga akaba ari aya akurikira :

V. Abatutsi b’Impaga (De Base Condition) :

* Ababanda
* Abashingo
* Abongera
* Abasyete

* Abungura
* Abatsibura
* Abashi
* Abashigata

Mu Moko y’Abatutsi b’Impaga , hakaba habonekamo n’amoko y’inzu atari ay’umuryango mugari, ariyo : Abasyete, Abashi, Abashigata, Abatsibura n’Abarenge bakomoka ku Basinga. Andi moko yo atagaragara haruguru, akomoka mu bihugu duturanye.

* Abenengwe : Bari ubwoko bw’Ibikomangoma by’i Ngozi mu Burundi, bikaba byarigaruriye u Rwanda rw’amajyepfo rukiri ishyamba kimeza, barema igihugu cyabo cyitwaga u Bungwe. Igitero kibasiye ingoma y’u Bungwe cyagabwe na Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi I (Muyenzi) wimye i Gasabo ahasaga mu w’1543 kugeza mu w’1576, wari umwana w’ ikinege wa Ruganzu II Ndoli, nuko yica umwami waho Rubuga rwa Samukende, bica na nyina Benginzage ariwe “Nyagakecuru “, banyaga n’ingabe yabo “Nyamibande”, basanze yararaye bayitera urwuma bakurizaho no kuyita “Rwuma”, nuko ingoma y’Abenengwe izima ityo. Akaba ari muri ubwo buryo Ubwoko bw’Abenengwe bwinjiye mu Rwanda kugeza na n’ubu.

* Abanyakarama : Bari ubwoko bukomoka muri Tanzaniya ahitwa i Karagwe, abenshi mu Banyakarama bakaba baraje mu ibunduka rya Ruganzu II Ndoli igihe yari aje gutegeka u Rwanda avuye kwa Nyirasenge Nyabunyana, aho se Ndahiro Cyamatari yari yaramubundishirije mu ihizana rya bene se Bamara na Juru barwanira ingoma ya se Mibambwe I Sekarongoro kugeza ubwo bitabaje Nsibura Nyabunga Umwami w’i Bunyabungo agatera u Rwanda akica Ndahiro Cyamatare , akanyaga n’ inggabe yarwo Rwoga. Ibyo akaba yarabikoreye kugirango igikomangoma Ndoli batamwica igihugu kikazabura Umwami. Abanyakarama binjira batyo mu rwa Gasabo baba abatoni ba Ndoli kubera ineza bamugiriye, barubamo kugeza na n’ubu.

* Abarenge : Bari ubwoko bukomoka ku Basinga nk’uko Abasindi nabo bakomoka ku Banyiginya. Izina Abasinga rikaba rivuga “Abatsinze “ ; ubwo bwoko bw’Abarenge bukaba bukomoka kuri Jeni rya Rurenge, umwami w’igihangange ukomoka mu Basinga wayoboraga ingoma y’u Budaha n’u Bwishaza. Icyo twagerageza kubabwira ni uko Abasinga aribo benshi mu Rwanda kuva na kera kuko bafite imiryango minini kandi migari, akaba ari nabo bari bafite ibihugu byinshi mu Rwanda rwo hambere.

Ikindi twavuga ku bijyanye n’Abasinga ni uko nabo bashyize bakagira amaboko, kugeza ubwo bashyizwe mu bwoko bw’ibibanda aribyo byavagamo Abagabekazi, nyuma baza kwirukanwa ku ngoma bitewe n’ubugome bakoze ku ngoma ya Ruganzu I Bwimba ahasaga mu w’1312 kugeza mu w’1345 .

Dore Imbonerahamwe y’Amoko y’Abanyarwanda kugeza mu w’1932

Amoko Ikirangabwoko

1. Abanyiginya Umusambi
2. Abasinga Sakabaka
3. ABEGA Igikeri
4. ABAGESERA Inyamanza
5. ABAZIGABA Ingwe
6. ABABANDA Igikona

7. ABACYABA Impyisi
8. ABENENGWE Ingwe
9. ABONGERA
10. ABATSOBE
11. ABAKONO
12. ABAHA

13. ABUNGURA
14. ABASHINGO
15. ABASHAMBO
16. ABASINDI
17. ABANYAKARAMA
18. ABASITA

Ibitabo byifashishijwe

1. DELMAS, Léon, Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Rwanda, Vicariat Apostolique du Rwanda, Kabgayi, 1950, p.28.

2. KAGAME, Alexis, Les organisations socio-familiales de l’ancien Rwanda, A.R.S.C., Bruxelles, 1954, p.33, note 31 : "La dénomination de BANYIGINYA, propre au Rwanda et aux BAHIMA du ’NKOLE signifie : richesse actuelle, jointe à une noblesse très ancienne, dans le clan dynastique. Les autres membres du clan, sans grande fortune, sont appelés ABASINDI, du nom de MUSINDI, fondateur éponyme du groupe".

3. KAGAME, Alexis, INGANJI KALINGA, Vicariat Apostolique du Rwanda, Kabgayi, 1959 (2ème édition), vol. I, IGICE CYA III, n° 35.

4. Marcel D’HERTEFELT, Les clans du Rwanda ancien. Eléments d’ethnosociologie et d’ethnohistoire, M.R.A.C., Tervuren, 1971, p 19-20.

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